arXiv:2503.01934v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: If two particles collide in the vicinity of a black hole horizon, their center of mass energy is practically unlimited, so another black hole with a large mass and thus entropy can be created. The resulting black hole can then merge with the original one. If the black hole is created very close to the horizon, its energy will be highly redshifted for an asymptotic observer. However, its entropy is not redshifted. We demonstrated that the newly created entropy can be higher than the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the final black hole, though we neglect that a certain amount of energy can escape to infinity, carrying away part of the entropy produced in the process. This is a counter-example to the statement that the black hole thermal entropy counts all the states inside the black hole. Unlike similar examples, this colliding process does not involve exotic matter, alternative theories of gravity, nor artificial ad hoc gluing of two different spacetimes.
Conclusions:
- When two particles collide near a black hole horizon, their center of mass energy is practically unlimited, allowing for the creation of another black hole with a large mass and entropy.
- The resulting black hole can merge with the original one.
- If the black hole is created close to the horizon, its energy will be redshifted for an asymptotic observer, but its entropy is not affected.
- The newly created entropy can be higher than the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the final black hole, although some energy and entropy may escape to infinity.
- This counters the belief that the black hole thermal entropy accounts for all the states inside it.
- The colliding process described does not involve exotic matter, alternative theories of gravity, or artificial gluing of spacetimes.
Future Roadmap:
The findings of this study pose interesting challenges and opportunities for further exploration in the field of black hole physics:
1. Investigate the behavior of black holes near the horizon:
Further research is needed to understand the dynamics of black holes and the precise mechanisms that contribute to the creation of new black holes near the event horizon. This will involve studying the energy-redshifting phenomenon and its implications for black hole formation and merging.
2. Quantify the escape of energy and entropy:
It is important to accurately calculate the amount of energy and entropy that can escape to infinity during the black hole collision and merging process. Understanding this escaping mechanism will provide deeper insights into the overall entropy balance and the validity of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy as a measure of all states within a black hole.
3. Explore the limitations and applicability of the findings:
As with any scientific study, it is crucial to investigate the limitations and specific conditions under which the described colliding process occurs. Further analysis is required to determine if the results hold true in various scenarios and if any additional factors or conditions need to be considered for a comprehensive understanding of black hole entropy.
4. Explore related concepts in black hole physics:
The counter-example presented in this study opens up avenues for exploring other related concepts, such as the behavior of exotic matter, alternative theories of gravity, and artificial gluing of spacetimes. Investigating these areas could provide a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness and interplay between different aspects of black hole physics.
Challenges and Opportunities:
The roadmap outlined above faces several challenges and offers significant opportunities:
1. Complexity of black hole dynamics:
Studying black hole dynamics is a complex task that requires advanced mathematical models and computational simulations. Overcoming these challenges will require interdisciplinary collaborations and advancements in computational techniques.
2. Verification and validation:
The findings presented in this study need to be verified and validated through additional experiments, observations, and theoretical studies. This requires collaborations between astrophysicists, theoretical physicists, and experimentalists to gather sufficient evidence and reach a consensus.
3. Accessibility to observation and measurement:
Black holes are inherently challenging to observe and measure due to their extreme gravitational effects and the limitations of current observational technologies. Advances in observational capabilities, such as gravitational wave detectors and future space telescopes, will provide opportunities for collecting empirical data to validate theoretical predictions.
4. Bridging theoretical and observational approaches:
Integrating theoretical predictions with observational data is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of black holes. Bridging the gap between theoretical models and observational constraints requires close collaboration between theorists and observers, as well as innovative approaches to combine data and theoretical simulations.
Note: The roadmap presented here represents potential directions for future research and exploration in the field of black hole physics. It is important to acknowledge that this is just one study and further investigations are necessary to build upon and confirm these findings.