by jsendak | Jun 6, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
Black holes are one of the most mysterious and intriguing phenomena in the universe. These massive objects, formed from the remnants of collapsed stars, have such strong gravitational pull that not even light can escape their grasp. At the heart of every black hole lies a singularity, a point of infinite density and zero volume where the laws of physics as we know them break down. The enigmatic nature of black hole singularities has puzzled scientists for decades, leading to numerous theories and debates about what lies beyond the event horizon.
One of the most perplexing aspects of black hole singularities is the concept of infinite density. According to our current understanding of physics, matter cannot be compressed to infinite density without violating the laws of quantum mechanics. This has led to the development of theories such as quantum gravity, which seeks to reconcile the principles of general relativity and quantum mechanics in order to explain the behavior of singularities.
Another puzzling aspect of black hole singularities is the idea of zero volume. If a singularity has zero volume, then it must also have zero dimensions, which defies our understanding of space and time. This has led some scientists to speculate that singularities may be portals to other dimensions or alternate universes, where the laws of physics are completely different from our own.
The existence of black hole singularities also raises questions about the nature of time and causality. According to general relativity, time slows down as you approach the event horizon of a black hole, eventually coming to a standstill at the singularity. This has led to the idea that singularities may be points in spacetime where past, present, and future all converge, creating a timeless and chaotic environment where the laws of physics no longer apply.
Despite the many mysteries surrounding black hole singularities, scientists continue to study them in order to gain a better understanding of the nature of the universe. Recent advancements in theoretical physics, such as the development of string theory and loop quantum gravity, have provided new insights into the behavior of singularities and the possibility of a unified theory of physics that can explain their enigmatic nature.
In conclusion, the enigmatic nature of black hole singularities continues to fascinate and perplex scientists around the world. As we continue to explore the mysteries of the universe, the study of black holes and their singularities will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping our understanding of the fundamental laws of physics and the nature of reality itself.
by jsendak | Jun 6, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
arXiv:2505.22266v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) has made high-fidelity generated audio widely available across the Internet, providing diverse cover signals for covert communication. Driven by advances in deep learning, current audio steganography schemes are mainly based on encoding-decoding network architectures. While these methods greatly improve the security of audio steganography, they typically require complex training and large pre-trained models. To address the aforementioned issues, this paper pioneers a Fixed Decoder Network-Based Audio Steganography with Adversarial Perturbation Generation (FGAS). Adversarial perturbations carrying secret message are embedded into the cover audio to generate stego audio. The receiver only needs to share the structure and weights of the fixed decoder network to accurately extract the secret message from the stego audio, this eliminates the reliance on large pre-trained models. In FGAS, we propose an audio Adversarial Perturbation Generation (APG) strategy and design a lightweight fixed decoder. The fixed decoder guarantees reliable extraction of the hidden message, while the adversarial perturbations are optimized to keep the stego audio perceptually and statistically close to the cover audio, thereby improving resistance to steganalysis. The experimental results show that FGAS significantly improves the quality of stego audio, achieving an average PSNR gain of over 10 dB compared to SOTA methods. Moreover, FGAS exhibits superior anti-steganalysis performance under different relative payloads; under high-capacity embedding, it achieves a classification error rate about 2% higher, indicating stronger anti-steganalysis performance compared to current SOTA methods.
by jsendak | Jun 1, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
The universe has always been a source of wonder and fascination for humanity. From ancient civilizations gazing up at the night sky to modern scientists studying the cosmos with advanced technology, the mysteries of the universe continue to captivate our imagination. In recent years, cosmologists have made significant strides in understanding the origins and evolution of the universe, shedding light on some of its most enigmatic aspects.
One of the most groundbreaking discoveries in cosmology is the theory of the Big Bang. This theory posits that the universe began as a singularity – a point of infinite density and temperature – around 13.8 billion years ago. From this initial explosion, the universe rapidly expanded and cooled, eventually giving rise to the galaxies, stars, and planets we see today. The Big Bang theory has been supported by a wealth of observational evidence, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation and the redshift of distant galaxies.
Another key concept in cosmology is the theory of dark matter and dark energy. These mysterious substances make up the majority of the universe’s mass and energy, yet they cannot be directly observed. Dark matter is thought to interact gravitationally with visible matter, holding galaxies together and influencing their motion. Dark energy, on the other hand, is believed to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. While much remains unknown about these enigmatic entities, cosmologists continue to study them in the hopes of unraveling their secrets.
Cosmologists have also made significant progress in understanding the structure and composition of the universe. Through observations of distant galaxies and the cosmic microwave background, scientists have been able to map out the distribution of matter and energy in the cosmos. They have found that the universe is composed of roughly 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, and 5% ordinary matter – the stuff of stars, planets, and galaxies. By studying the large-scale structure of the universe, cosmologists have gained insights into its evolution over billions of years.
In recent years, advancements in technology have allowed cosmologists to probe even deeper into the mysteries of the universe. The development of powerful telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope, has enabled scientists to observe distant galaxies and stars with unprecedented clarity. In addition, experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider have allowed researchers to study the fundamental particles and forces that govern the universe.
As our understanding of the universe continues to evolve, cosmologists are faced with new questions and challenges. From the nature of dark matter and dark energy to the ultimate fate of the universe, there is still much to learn about the cosmos. However, with ongoing research and technological advancements, we are closer than ever to unlocking the secrets of the universe and unraveling its mysteries. Exploring the cosmos is a journey that will continue to inspire and awe us for generations to come.
by jsendak | May 30, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
arXiv:2503.01879v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: This work proposes an industry-level omni-modal large language model (LLM) pipeline that integrates auditory, visual, and linguistic modalities to overcome challenges such as limited tri-modal datasets, high computational costs, and complex feature alignments. Our pipeline consists of three main components: First, a modular framework enabling flexible configuration of various encoder-LLM-decoder architectures. Second, a lightweight training strategy that pre-trains audio-language alignment on the state-of-the-art vision-language model Qwen2.5-VL, thus avoiding the costly pre-training of vision-specific modalities. Third, an audio synthesis pipeline that generates high-quality audio-text data from diverse real-world scenarios, supporting applications such as Automatic Speech Recognition and Speech-to-Speech chat. To this end, we introduce an industry-level omni-modal LLM, Nexus. Extensive experiments validate the efficacy of our pipeline, yielding the following key findings:(1) In the visual understanding task, Nexus exhibits superior performance compared with its backbone model – Qwen2.5-VL-7B, validating the efficiency of our training strategy. (2) Within the English Spoken Question-Answering task, the model achieves better accuracy than the same-period competitor (i.e, MiniCPM-o2.6-7B) in the LLaMA Q. benchmark. (3) In our real-world ASR testset, Nexus achieves outstanding performance, indicating its robustness in real scenarios. (4) In the Speech-to-Text Translation task, our model outperforms Qwen2-Audio-Instruct-7B. (5) In the Text-to-Speech task, based on pretrained vocoder (e.g., Fishspeech1.4 or CosyVoice2.0), Nexus is comparable to its backbone vocoder on Seed-TTS benchmark. (6) An in-depth analysis of tri-modal alignment reveals that incorporating the audio modality enhances representational alignment between vision and language.
by jsendak | May 28, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
Computing technology has come a long way since the invention of the first computer in the 1940s. From the bulky, room-sized machines of the past to the sleek, powerful devices we use today, the evolution of computing has been nothing short of remarkable. And now, we stand on the brink of another revolution in computing technology: quantum computing.
Quantum computing is a cutting-edge field that harnesses the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations at speeds that are unimaginable with classical computers. While classical computers use bits to represent information as either a 0 or a 1, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously thanks to a phenomenon known as superposition. This allows quantum computers to process vast amounts of data in parallel and solve complex problems much faster than classical computers.
One of the most exciting applications of quantum computing is in the field of cryptography. Quantum computers have the potential to break many of the encryption schemes that currently protect our sensitive information, such as credit card numbers and personal data. However, quantum computing also offers the promise of creating new, unbreakable encryption methods that could revolutionize cybersecurity.
In addition to cryptography, quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize fields such as drug discovery, materials science, and artificial intelligence. Quantum computers could simulate complex molecular structures to help develop new drugs, optimize materials for specific applications, and train more powerful AI models.
Despite the incredible potential of quantum computing, there are still many challenges that need to be overcome before it becomes a mainstream technology. Quantum computers are notoriously difficult to build and maintain, as they require extremely low temperatures and precise control over individual qubits. Researchers are also working on developing error-correcting codes to mitigate the effects of noise and decoherence, which can cause qubits to lose their quantum state.
As we look to the future of computing, it is clear that quantum computing will play a crucial role in shaping the technology landscape. While it may still be several years before quantum computers become widely available, the potential benefits they offer are too great to ignore. By investing in research and development in quantum computing, we can unlock new possibilities and push the boundaries of what is possible in the world of technology. The future of computing is quantum, and the possibilities are endless.
by jsendak | May 27, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
Computing technology has come a long way since the invention of the first computer in the 1940s. From room-sized machines with limited capabilities to powerful smartphones that fit in the palm of our hands, the evolution of computing has been nothing short of remarkable. And now, as we look towards the future, one technology that is poised to revolutionize the way we think about computing is quantum technology.
Quantum computing is a cutting-edge field that harnesses the principles of quantum mechanics to perform complex calculations at speeds that far surpass those of traditional computers. While classical computers rely on bits (which can be either a 0 or a 1) to process information, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in a state of 0, 1, or both simultaneously. This allows quantum computers to perform multiple calculations at once, leading to exponential increases in processing power.
The potential applications of quantum computing are vast and varied. From solving complex mathematical problems and optimizing supply chains to simulating molecular structures and developing new drugs, quantum technology has the potential to revolutionize industries across the board. For example, quantum computers could revolutionize the field of artificial intelligence by enabling more sophisticated machine learning algorithms and faster data processing.
In addition to its applications in computing, quantum technology also has the potential to revolutionize fields such as cryptography and cybersecurity. Quantum cryptography, for example, uses the principles of quantum mechanics to create secure communication networks that are virtually impossible to hack. This could have far-reaching implications for industries that rely on secure communication, such as banking, healthcare, and government.
Despite its immense potential, quantum technology is still in its infancy. Building a practical quantum computer is a complex and challenging task that requires overcoming numerous technical hurdles, such as maintaining the delicate quantum state of qubits and minimizing errors in calculations. Researchers and engineers around the world are working tirelessly to overcome these challenges and bring quantum computing to the mainstream.
As quantum technology continues to advance, it is likely to have a profound impact on the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. From revolutionizing industries and solving complex problems to enhancing our understanding of the universe, the future of computing looks brighter than ever with the advent of quantum technology. It is an exciting time to be a part of the computing revolution, and the possibilities are truly endless.
