by jsendak | May 26, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
arXiv:2505.17512v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Concepts represent generalized abstractions that enable humans to categorize and reason efficiently, yet it is unclear to what extent Large Language Models (LLMs) comprehend these semantic relationships. Existing benchmarks typically focus on factual recall and isolated tasks, failing to evaluate the ability of LLMs to understand conceptual boundaries. To address this gap, we introduce CK-Arena, a multi-agent interaction game built upon the Undercover game, designed to evaluate the capacity of LLMs to reason with concepts in interactive settings. CK-Arena challenges models to describe, differentiate, and infer conceptual boundaries based on partial information, encouraging models to explore commonalities and distinctions between closely related concepts. By simulating real-world interaction, CK-Arena provides a scalable and realistic benchmark for assessing conceptual reasoning in dynamic environments. Experimental results show that LLMs’ understanding of conceptual knowledge varies significantly across different categories and is not strictly aligned with parameter size or general model capabilities. The data and code are available at the project homepage: https://ck-arena.site.
by jsendak | May 26, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
The universe is a vast and mysterious place, filled with countless wonders that continue to captivate and intrigue scientists and astronomers around the world. From the origins of the universe to the nature of dark matter and dark energy, there are still many unanswered questions that drive researchers to explore and uncover the secrets of the cosmos.
One of the most fundamental questions in cosmology is the origin of the universe itself. The prevailing theory, known as the Big Bang theory, suggests that the universe began as a singularity – a point of infinite density and temperature – around 13.8 billion years ago. Since then, the universe has been expanding and evolving, giving rise to galaxies, stars, planets, and ultimately, life as we know it.
Recent advancements in cosmology have provided new insights into the early universe and the processes that shaped its evolution. For example, the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation – the afterglow of the Big Bang – has provided crucial evidence in support of the Big Bang theory and helped to refine our understanding of the universe’s early history.
Another major mystery in cosmology is the nature of dark matter and dark energy, which together make up about 95% of the total mass-energy content of the universe. Dark matter is a mysterious, invisible substance that exerts gravitational forces on visible matter, while dark energy is a mysterious force that is causing the universe to expand at an accelerating rate.
Scientists are currently conducting experiments and observations to better understand the properties of dark matter and dark energy, and to determine their role in shaping the structure and fate of the universe. For example, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN is searching for new particles that could help explain the nature of dark matter, while the Dark Energy Survey is mapping the distribution of galaxies in the universe to study the effects of dark energy on cosmic expansion.
In addition to these mysteries, cosmologists are also exploring the possibility of other universes beyond our own – a concept known as the multiverse. The idea of a multiverse suggests that our universe is just one of many parallel universes, each with its own set of physical laws and properties. While the existence of a multiverse is still a matter of speculation, it raises intriguing questions about the nature of reality and the possibilities for other forms of life and intelligence in the cosmos.
As our understanding of the universe continues to evolve, so too does our sense of wonder and awe at the vastness and complexity of the cosmos. With new technologies and observational techniques, scientists are pushing the boundaries of knowledge and exploring the mysteries of the universe in ways that were once unimaginable. Whether it’s unraveling the origins of the universe, probing the nature of dark matter and dark energy, or contemplating the existence of other universes, cosmology offers a window into the deepest mysteries of the cosmos – and the endless possibilities that lie beyond.
by jsendak | May 25, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
The rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) has sparked growing interest in building Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) within Graphical User Interface (GUI) environments. However,…
by jsendak | May 25, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
As technology continues to advance at an exponential rate, the future of computing is looking more and more promising with the emergence of quantum computing. Quantum computing is a revolutionary technology that has the potential to completely transform the way we process information and solve complex problems.
Traditional computers operate using bits, which are binary units of information represented as either a 0 or a 1. Quantum computers, on the other hand, use quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously thanks to the principles of quantum mechanics. This allows quantum computers to perform calculations at speeds that are exponentially faster than even the most powerful supercomputers today.
One of the key advantages of quantum computing is its ability to solve complex problems that are currently intractable for classical computers. For example, quantum computers have the potential to revolutionize fields such as cryptography, drug discovery, and artificial intelligence by quickly solving optimization problems that would take classical computers years to compute.
In addition to their speed and efficiency, quantum computers also have the potential to revolutionize data security. Quantum cryptography, which uses the principles of quantum mechanics to secure communications, could make traditional encryption methods obsolete by providing unbreakable security through the use of quantum key distribution.
Despite the incredible potential of quantum computing, there are still many challenges that need to be overcome before it becomes a mainstream technology. One of the biggest challenges is the issue of qubit stability, as qubits are extremely sensitive to their environment and can easily lose their quantum state. Researchers are actively working on developing error correction techniques and improving qubit coherence to make quantum computers more reliable and scalable.
Another challenge is the development of quantum algorithms that can effectively harness the power of quantum computing. While there have been significant advancements in this area, there is still much work to be done to optimize algorithms for specific applications and make them accessible to a wider range of users.
Despite these challenges, the future of quantum computing looks promising. Major tech companies such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft are investing heavily in quantum research and development, and governments around the world are also recognizing the potential of quantum computing and investing in research initiatives.
In conclusion, quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize the way we process information and solve complex problems. While there are still many challenges to overcome, the future of computing looks bright with the emergence of this groundbreaking technology. As researchers continue to make advancements in quantum computing, we can expect to see a new era of computing that will unlock endless possibilities for innovation and discovery.
by jsendak | May 24, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
Computing has come a long way since the invention of the first computer in the 1940s. From room-sized machines that could perform basic calculations to powerful laptops and smartphones that fit in our pockets, the evolution of computing has been nothing short of remarkable. But what does the future hold for computing? One technology that is poised to revolutionize the field is quantum computing.
Quantum computing is a new paradigm of computing that harnesses the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations at speeds that are unimaginable with classical computers. While classical computers use bits to represent information as either a 0 or a 1, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously thanks to a phenomenon known as superposition.
This ability to exist in multiple states at once allows quantum computers to perform calculations in parallel, making them exponentially faster than classical computers for certain types of problems. In addition, qubits can also exhibit entanglement, a phenomenon where the state of one qubit is dependent on the state of another, allowing for even more complex calculations to be performed.
One of the most promising applications of quantum computing is in the field of cryptography. Quantum computers have the potential to break many of the encryption schemes that are currently used to secure our data, posing a significant threat to cybersecurity. However, quantum computing also offers the potential to develop new encryption methods that are secure against quantum attacks.
In addition to cryptography, quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize fields such as drug discovery, materials science, and artificial intelligence. By simulating complex molecules and materials at the quantum level, quantum computers could help researchers develop new drugs, materials, and technologies at a much faster pace than is currently possible.
Despite the immense potential of quantum computing, there are still many challenges that need to be overcome before it becomes a practical reality. Building and maintaining qubits is incredibly difficult due to the delicate nature of quantum systems, and errors can easily creep in due to noise and interference from the environment. Researchers are actively working on developing error correction techniques and improving the stability of qubits to make quantum computing more reliable.
In conclusion, quantum computing represents a paradigm shift in the field of computing that has the potential to revolutionize the way we solve complex problems and advance scientific research. While there are still many challenges to overcome, the future of computing looks bright with the promise of quantum computing on the horizon. It will be exciting to see how this technology evolves in the coming years and the impact it will have on our society.
by jsendak | May 23, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
arXiv:2505.16221v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The rapid advancement of large language models has unlocked remarkable capabilities across a diverse array of natural language processing tasks. However, the considerable differences among available LLMs-in terms of cost, performance, and computational demands-pose significant challenges for users aiming to identify the most suitable model for specific tasks. In this work, we present LightRouter, a novel framework designed to systematically select and integrate a small subset of LLMs from a larger pool, with the objective of jointly optimizing both task performance and cost efficiency. LightRouter leverages an adaptive selection mechanism to identify models that require only a minimal number of boot tokens, thereby reducing costs, and further employs an effective integration strategy to combine their outputs. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmarks demonstrate that LightRouter matches or outperforms widely-used ensemble baselines, achieving up to a 25% improvement in accuracy. Compared with leading high-performing models, LightRouter achieves comparable performance while reducing inference costs by up to 27%. Importantly, our framework operates without any prior knowledge of individual models and relies exclusively on inexpensive, lightweight models. This work introduces a practical approach for efficient LLM selection and provides valuable insights into optimal strategies for model combination.
