by jsendak | Oct 8, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
Black holes are one of the most fascinating and mysterious phenomena in the universe. These massive objects, with gravitational forces so strong that not even light can escape their grasp, have captured the imagination of scientists and the public alike. At the heart of every black hole lies a singularity, a point of infinite density and zero volume where the laws of physics as we know them break down.
The concept of a singularity was first proposed by physicist Albert Einstein in his theory of general relativity. According to this theory, when a massive star collapses under its own gravity, it forms a black hole with a singularity at its center. The singularity is a point where the curvature of spacetime becomes infinite, leading to a breakdown in our understanding of the laws of physics.
One of the most intriguing aspects of black hole singularities is the fact that they are hidden from view. Because light cannot escape from a black hole, we cannot directly observe the singularity at its center. Instead, scientists must rely on indirect observations and theoretical models to understand the nature of these mysterious objects.
One of the key questions surrounding black hole singularities is whether they actually exist in nature or if they are simply a mathematical artifact of our current theories. Some physicists believe that the singularity is a real physical entity, while others argue that it is a sign that our current understanding of gravity is incomplete.
One of the most famous paradoxes surrounding black hole singularities is the information paradox. According to quantum mechanics, information cannot be destroyed, yet when matter falls into a black hole, it seems to disappear from the universe. This has led to intense debate among physicists about what happens to the information that falls into a black hole and whether it can ever be recovered.
Despite the many mysteries surrounding black hole singularities, scientists have made significant progress in understanding these enigmatic objects. Recent advancements in theoretical physics, such as string theory and quantum gravity, have provided new insights into the nature of black holes and their singularities.
While the true nature of black hole singularities may still elude us, the study of these cosmic phenomena continues to push the boundaries of our understanding of the universe. By unraveling the mysteries of black hole singularities, scientists hope to gain a deeper insight into the fundamental laws of physics and the nature of spacetime itself.
by jsendak | Oct 8, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
arXiv:2510.05158v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) provide a powerful approach for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), but constructing a usable PINN remains labor-intensive and error-prone. Scientists must interpret problems as PDE formulations, design architectures and loss functions, and implement stable training pipelines. Existing large language model (LLM) based approaches address isolated steps such as code generation or architecture suggestion, but typically assume a formal PDE is already specified and therefore lack an end-to-end perspective. We present Lang-PINN, an LLM-driven multi-agent system that builds trainable PINNs directly from natural language task descriptions. Lang-PINN coordinates four complementary agents: a PDE Agent that parses task descriptions into symbolic PDEs, a PINN Agent that selects architectures, a Code Agent that generates modular implementations, and a Feedback Agent that executes and diagnoses errors for iterative refinement. This design transforms informal task statements into executable and verifiable PINN code. Experiments show that Lang-PINN achieves substantially lower errors and greater robustness than competitive baselines: mean squared error (MSE) is reduced by up to 3–5 orders of magnitude, end-to-end execution success improves by more than 50%, and reduces time overhead by up to 74%.
by jsendak | Oct 7, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
Cosmology, the study of the universe as a whole, has always been a fascinating field of science. Over the years, scientists have made incredible discoveries that have expanded our understanding of the cosmos. In recent years, there have been several groundbreaking discoveries in cosmology that have shed light on some of the universe’s greatest mysteries.
One of the most significant discoveries in cosmology in recent years is the detection of gravitational waves. These ripples in spacetime were first predicted by Albert Einstein in his theory of general relativity over a century ago. In 2015, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) made history by detecting gravitational waves for the first time. This discovery confirmed Einstein’s theory and opened up a new way of observing the universe, allowing scientists to study phenomena such as black holes and neutron stars in ways that were previously impossible.
Another major discovery in cosmology is the existence of dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter is a mysterious substance that makes up about 27% of the universe, yet it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible and undetectable by traditional telescopes. Dark energy, on the other hand, is a mysterious force that is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate. These two phenomena are still not well understood, but their existence has profound implications for our understanding of the universe and its evolution.
In addition to these discoveries, astronomers have also made progress in understanding the origins of the universe. The cosmic microwave background radiation, which is the afterglow of the Big Bang, has been studied in great detail, providing valuable insights into the early universe. Scientists have also made significant strides in studying the formation and evolution of galaxies, shedding light on how these cosmic structures have evolved over billions of years.
One of the most exciting developments in cosmology is the search for exoplanets, planets that orbit stars outside our solar system. Thanks to advances in technology, astronomers have discovered thousands of exoplanets in recent years, some of which may have the potential to support life. The discovery of exoplanets has opened up new possibilities for studying the diversity of planetary systems in the universe and searching for signs of extraterrestrial life.
Overall, the latest discoveries in cosmology have provided us with a deeper understanding of the universe and its mysteries. From the detection of gravitational waves to the study of dark matter and dark energy, these discoveries have revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos and have opened up new avenues for exploration. As scientists continue to push the boundaries of our knowledge, we can expect even more exciting discoveries in the field of cosmology in the years to come.
by jsendak | Oct 7, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
arXiv:2510.03399v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Self-recognition is a crucial metacognitive capability for AI systems, relevant not only for psychological analysis but also for safety, particularly in evaluative scenarios. Motivated by contradictory interpretations of whether models possess self-recognition (Panickssery et al., 2024; Davidson et al., 2024), we introduce a systematic evaluation framework that can be easily applied and updated. Specifically, we measure how well 10 contemporary larger language models (LLMs) can identify their own generated text versus text from other models through two tasks: binary self-recognition and exact model prediction. Different from prior claims, our results reveal a consistent failure in self-recognition. Only 4 out of 10 models predict themselves as generators, and the performance is rarely above random chance. Additionally, models exhibit a strong bias toward predicting GPT and Claude families. We also provide the first evaluation of model awareness of their own and others’ existence, as well as the reasoning behind their choices in self-recognition. We find that the model demonstrates some knowledge of its own existence and other models, but their reasoning reveals a hierarchical bias. They appear to assume that GPT, Claude, and occasionally Gemini are the top-tier models, often associating high-quality text with them. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings on AI safety and future directions to develop appropriate AI self-awareness.
by jsendak | Oct 6, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
The universe has always been a source of fascination and wonder for humanity. From ancient civilizations gazing up at the stars to modern scientists studying the cosmos with advanced technology, the mysteries of the universe continue to captivate our imaginations. In recent years, cosmologists have made significant strides in understanding the origins and evolution of the universe, shedding light on some of its most profound secrets.
One of the most groundbreaking discoveries in cosmology in recent years is the confirmation of the existence of dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter is a mysterious substance that makes up about 27% of the universe, yet it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible to telescopes. Despite its elusive nature, scientists have been able to infer the presence of dark matter through its gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark energy, on the other hand, is a mysterious force that is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate. Together, dark matter and dark energy make up about 95% of the universe, leaving ordinary matter – the stuff we can see and touch – accounting for only a small fraction of the cosmos.
Another major breakthrough in cosmology is the discovery of gravitational waves. Predicted by Albert Einstein in his theory of general relativity, gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of spacetime that are produced by the acceleration of massive objects, such as merging black holes or neutron stars. In 2015, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) made history by detecting gravitational waves for the first time, providing direct evidence of the existence of these elusive phenomena. Since then, LIGO and other gravitational wave detectors have detected numerous events, opening up a new window into the universe and allowing scientists to study some of the most extreme and violent events in the cosmos.
Cosmologists have also made significant progress in understanding the early universe and the processes that led to the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets. The cosmic microwave background radiation, which is the afterglow of the Big Bang, has provided crucial insights into the conditions of the early universe and the seeds of structure that eventually gave rise to the galaxies we see today. Observations of distant galaxies and quasars have also revealed the evolution of the universe over billions of years, showing how galaxies have grown and evolved through processes such as mergers, star formation, and the accretion of matter onto supermassive black holes.
As our understanding of the universe continues to deepen, cosmologists are faced with new questions and challenges. The nature of dark matter and dark energy remains one of the biggest mysteries in cosmology, with scientists working to uncover their true identities and properties. The search for a unified theory of physics that can reconcile quantum mechanics and general relativity also continues to be a major goal for cosmologists, as it could provide a deeper understanding of the fundamental forces and particles that govern the universe.
In conclusion, the field of cosmology has made remarkable progress in recent years, providing us with new insights into the mysteries of the universe. From the discovery of dark matter and dark energy to the detection of gravitational waves and the study of the early universe, cosmologists are unraveling the secrets of the cosmos and expanding our understanding of the universe on a grand scale. As we continue to explore the mysteries of the universe, we can only imagine what new discoveries and revelations await us in the vast expanse of space.
by jsendak | Oct 6, 2025 | Cosmology & Computing
arXiv:2510.02528v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) demonstrate impressive in-context learning abilities from limited multimodal demonstrations, yet the internal mechanisms supporting such task learning remain opaque. Building on prior work of large language models, we show that a small subset of attention heads in the vision-language model OpenFlamingo-4B is responsible for transmitting representations of spatial relations. The activations of these attention heads, termed function vectors, can be extracted and manipulated to alter an LMM’s performance on relational tasks. First, using both synthetic and real image datasets, we apply causal mediation analysis to identify attention heads that strongly influence relational predictions, and extract multimodal function vectors that improve zero-shot accuracy at inference time. We further demonstrate that these multimodal function vectors can be fine-tuned with a modest amount of training data, while keeping LMM parameters frozen, to significantly outperform in-context learning baselines. Finally, we show that relation-specific function vectors can be linearly combined to solve analogy problems involving novel and untrained spatial relations, highlighting the strong generalization ability of this approach. Our results show that LMMs encode spatial relational knowledge within localized internal structures, which can be systematically extracted and optimized, thereby advancing our understanding of model modularity and enhancing control over relational reasoning in LMMs.
