by jsendak | May 22, 2024 | News
Reimagining Severe Weather Preparedness: Harnessing Technology for Safer Communities
Severe weather events have always been a natural phenomenon that can unleash chaos and destruction without warning. From tornadoes tearing through neighborhoods to thunderstorms causing massive flooding, the power of Mother Nature is both breathtaking and terrifying. As we seek to protect and safeguard our communities, it is crucial to explore innovative solutions that enable us to better prepare for and respond to these highly unpredictable occurrences.
The New Era of Severe Weather Forecasting
Gone are the days when we relied solely on traditional forecasting methods to anticipate the arrival of severe weather. Today, we have a wealth of technological advancements that allow us to analyze data in real-time and make more accurate predictions. From sophisticated radar systems to satellite imagery, we can now detect the early signs of impending severe weather with greater precision.
However, the challenge lies not only in predicting severe weather events but also in effectively communicating these forecasts to the public. While National Weather Service alerts and emergency broadcasting systems serve their purpose, we must explore more inventive means to ensure everyone receives critical information in a timely manner.
Embracing Mobile Applications for Real-Time Alerts
Smartphones have become an intrinsic part of our daily lives, serving as tools for communication, information, and entertainment. Leveraging this ubiquity, we can develop mobile applications that deliver real-time severe weather alerts directly to individuals, allowing them to take swift action to protect themselves and their communities.
These applications could utilize advanced algorithms to monitor weather patterns, issuing localized warnings tailored to specific regions. By harnessing the power of geolocation, users would receive personalized alerts based on their proximity to severe weather zones. This targeted approach ensures that critical information reaches the right people at the right time, maximizing preparedness and minimizing the risk of casualties.
Community Collaboration and Rapid Response
In times of crisis, fostering a sense of community collaboration is essential for a swift and effective response. Online platforms and social media can play a significant role in connecting individuals and organizations during severe weather events. By establishing dedicated channels and forums for sharing real-time information, residents can collaborate, exchange updates, and offer assistance to those in need.
Maintaining an open line of communication between emergency response teams, local authorities, and citizens can help streamline rescue efforts and ensure that resources are allocated where they are most needed. Furthermore, by empowering citizens to report and submit photos or videos of severe weather impacts, we can create a comprehensive situational awareness map, aiding emergency services in their decision-making process.
The Power of Education and Community Outreach
While technological innovation plays a key role in enhancing severe weather preparedness, education and community outreach remain vital components of any comprehensive plan. By investing in educational campaigns, we can educate the public about the various types of severe weather, common warning signs, and essential safety precautions.
Additionally, community workshops and training sessions can provide residents with practical skills, such as first aid and emergency response techniques. By empowering individuals with the knowledge and tools to take immediate action during severe weather events, we can save lives and mitigate damage to infrastructure.
Together, by harnessing technological advancements, embracing mobile applications, fostering community collaboration, and prioritizing education, we can build safer and more resilient communities in the face of severe weather events. These solutions, when integrated into existing emergency response systems, have the potential to save lives, minimize damage, and create a future where our communities thrive amidst the unpredictable forces of nature.
Read the original article
by jsendak | Apr 26, 2024 | Computer Science
In this article, the authors introduce VN-Net, a new approach that combines spatio-temporal graph convolutional networks (ST-GCNs) with vision data from satellites for sparse meteorological forecasting. While previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ST-GCNs in predicting numerical data from ground weather stations, the authors explore the untapped potential of using satellite imagery as high fidelity and low latency data.
VN-Net consists of two main components: Numerical-GCN (N-GCN) and Vision-LSTM Network (V-LSTM). N-GCN is responsible for modeling the static and dynamic patterns of spatio-temporal numerical data, while V-LSTM captures multi-scale joint channel and spatial features from time series satellite images. The authors also develop a GCN-based decoder that generates hourly predictions of specific meteorological factors.
This approach is the first of its kind, as no previous studies have integrated GCN methods with multi-modal data for sparse spatio-temporal meteorological forecasting. To evaluate VN-Net, the authors conducted experiments on the Weather2k dataset and compared the results with state-of-the-art methods. The results demonstrate that VN-Net outperforms existing approaches by a significant margin in terms of mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) for temperature, relative humidity, and visibility forecasting.
In addition to the quantitative evaluation, the authors also perform interpretation analysis to gain insights into the impact of incorporating vision data. This analysis helps validate the effectiveness of using satellite imagery in improving meteorological forecasting accuracy.
Overall, this research opens up new possibilities for enhancing meteorological forecasting by leveraging multi-modal data and advanced machine learning techniques. The integration of vision data from satellites with ST-GCNs provides a promising avenue for fine-grained weather forecasting and warrants further exploration. Future studies could focus on expanding the application of VN-Net to other meteorological factors and datasets, as well as optimizing the model architecture to achieve even better results.
Read the original article
by jsendak | Apr 1, 2024 | Science
Future Trends in Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis
Climate change poses significant challenges to coastal areas worldwide, necessitating the need for effective adaptation strategies to mitigate its impacts. Geographer Muh Aris Marfai, in his tireless efforts to collect reference data for Indonesia’s coastal areas, exemplifies the proactive approach required to prepare for the consequences of climate change. In this article, we will delve into the key points of Marfai’s work and explore potential future trends in coastal adaptation, offering unique predictions and recommendations for the industry.
The Significance of Geographer Muh Aris Marfai’s Work
Marfai’s collection of reference data for Indonesia’s coastal areas assumes paramount importance in light of the increasing threats posed by climate change. Rising sea levels, intensified storm events, and coastal erosion are just a few of the consequences that demand immediate attention. By meticulously gathering data on the vulnerability of the coastal regions, Marfai aims to equip decision-makers with the information necessary to implement proactive adaptation measures.
Potential Future Trends in Coastal Adaptation
1. Nature-based Solutions (NbS)
One of the most promising trends in coastal adaptation is the widespread adoption of nature-based solutions (NbS). Instead of relying solely on traditional hardened infrastructures like seawalls and breakwaters, NbS emphasizes the use of natural ecosystems to provide effective and sustainable protection against climate change impacts. These solutions involve strategies such as beach and dune restoration, wetland creation, and mangrove conservation.
As the scientific community continues to recognize the invaluable role of healthy ecosystems in coastal resilience, we can expect to see an increased implementation of NbS worldwide. Policymakers and coastal managers should prioritize the integration of NbS into their adaptation plans to capitalize on the numerous environmental and socio-economic benefits they offer.
2. Community Engagement and Local Knowledge
Another crucial trend is the recognition of the importance of community engagement and local knowledge in coastal adaptation efforts. Coastal communities, who are at the forefront of climate change impacts, possess invaluable insights gained from their historical experiences and intimate connection with the coastal environment.
It is essential for decision-makers to engage with these communities and incorporate their knowledge into adaptation strategies. This bottom-up approach not only ensures that adaptation measures align with the needs and aspirations of the people but also fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment within the community. Collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and local communities is key to successful coastal adaptation.
3. Technology and Data-driven Solutions
The rapid advancement of technology and data availability presents exciting opportunities for coastal adaptation. Remote sensing technologies, such as satellite imagery and LiDAR, can provide valuable data on coastal change patterns, allowing for more accurate predictions and targeted adaptation actions.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms can be harnessed to analyze vast amounts of data, enabling the identification of trends and the development of predictive models. These tools can assist in decision-making processes, optimize resource allocation, and enhance the overall efficiency of coastal adaptation efforts.
Recommendations for the Industry
- Invest in Research and Data Collection: Governments, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations must allocate adequate resources to support comprehensive research and data collection initiatives, as demonstrated by Marfai’s work. Robust data forms the foundation for informed decision-making and effective adaptation strategies.
- Integrate Nature-based Solutions: Policymakers and coastal managers should prioritize the incorporation of nature-based solutions into their adaptation plans. These solutions offer multiple benefits, including climate resilience, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable livelihoods for coastal communities.
- Promote Community Engagement: It is imperative to engage coastal communities and empower them as active participants in adaptation processes. Their local knowledge, cultural values, and lived experiences contribute to the development of context-specific and socially inclusive adaptation strategies.
- Embrace Technology: Embracing technological advancements, such as remote sensing and AI, can revolutionize the way coastal adaptation is approached. Governments and organizations should invest in these tools to enhance data analysis, prediction accuracy, and decision-making in the face of climate change.
“The future of coastal adaptation lies in the integration of nature-based solutions, community engagement, and technological innovations.”
As the world grapples with the impacts of climate change, proactive coastal adaptation measures are crucial for sustaining the resilience of vulnerable coastal areas. By leveraging nature-based solutions, incorporating local knowledge, and embracing technological advancements, we can chart a path toward a more resilient and sustainable coastal future.
References:
- Marfai, M. A. (2024). Collecting reference data for Indonesia’s coastal areas to prepare for the impacts of climate change. Nature, Published online: 01 April 2024. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-00908-w
- Burke, L., Reytar, K., Spalding, M., & Perry, A. (2012). Reefs at risk revisited. World resources institute, 1-130.
- Cooper, J. A., & Pilkey, O. H. (2004). Sea-level rise and shoreline retreat: time to abandon the Bruun Rule. Global and planetary change, 43(3-4), 157-171.
- Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Jayatissa, L. P., Di Nitto, D., Bosire, J. O., Lo Seen, D., & Koedam, N. (2005). How effective were mangroves as a defence against the recent tsunami?. Current Biology, 15(12), R443-R447.
by jsendak | Mar 30, 2024 | DS Articles
Dear rOpenSci friends, it’s time for our monthly news roundup!
You can read this post on our blog.
Now let’s dive into the activity at and around rOpenSci!
rOpenSci HQ
Leadership changes at rOpenSci
After 13 years at the helm of rOpenSci, our founding executive director Karthik Ram is stepping down.
Noam Ross, rOpenSci’s current lead for peer review, will be our new Executive Director.
Karthik will remain a key advisor to rOpenSci.
We thank him for his years of leadership and service to the community!
Read Karthik’s farewell post, and Noam’s post about his new role on our blog
rOpenSci Dev Guide 0.9.0: Multilingual Now! And Better
We’re delighted to announce we’ve released a new version of our guide,
“rOpenSci Packages: Development, Maintenance, and Peer Review”!
A highlight is that our guide is now bilingual (English and Spanish), thanks to work by Yanina Bellini Saibene, Elio Campitelli and Pao Corrales, and thanks to support of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, NumFOCUS, and the R Consortium.
Read the guide in Spanish.
Our guide is now also getting translated to Portuguese thanks to volunteers.
We are very grateful for their work!
Read more in the blog post about the release.
Thanks to all contributors who made this release possible.
Interview with Code for Thought podcast
Our community manager, Yanina Bellini Saibene, talked with Peter Schmidt of the Code for Thought podcast, about the importance of making computing materials accessible to non-English speaking learners.
Listen to the episode.
Find our more about rOpenSci multilingual publishing project.
Coworking
Read all about coworking!
Join us for social coworking & office hours monthly on first Tuesdays!
Hosted by Steffi LaZerte and various community hosts.
Everyone welcome.
No RSVP needed.
Consult our Events page to find your local time and how to join.
And remember, you can always cowork independently on work related to R, work on packages that tend to be neglected, or work on what ever you need to get done!
Software
New packages
The following three packages recently became a part of our software suite, or were recently reviewed again:
-
nuts, developed by Moritz Hennicke together with Werner Krause: Motivated by changing administrative boundaries over time, the nuts package can convert European regional data with NUTS codes between versions (2006, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2021) and levels (NUTS 1, NUTS 2 and NUTS 3). The package uses spatial interpolation as in Lam (1983) doi:10.1559/152304083783914958 based on granular (100m x 100m) area, population and land use data provided by the European Commission’s Joint Research Center. It is available on CRAN. It has been reviewed by Pueyo-Ros Josep and Le Meur Nolwenn.
-
quadkeyr, developed by Florencia D’Andrea together with Pilar Fernandez: Quadkeyr functions generate raster images based on QuadKey-identified data, facilitating efficient integration of Tile Maps data into R workflows. In particular, Quadkeyr provides support to process and analyze Facebook mobility datasets within the R environment. It has been reviewed by Maria Paula Caldas and Vincent van Hees.
-
weatherOz, developed by Rodrigo Pires together with Anna Hepworth, Rebecca O’Leary, Jonathan Carroll, James Goldie, Dean Marchiori, Paul Melloy, Mark Padgham, Hugh Parsonage, Keith Pembleton, and Adam H. Sparks: Provides automated downloading, parsing and formatting of weather data for Australia through API endpoints provided by the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (DPIRD) of Western Australia and by the Science and Technology Division of the Queensland Governments Department of Environment and Science (DES). As well as the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) of the Australian government precis and coastal forecasts, agriculture bulletin data, and downloading and importing radar and satellite imagery files. It has been reviewed by Laurens Geffert and Sam Rogers.
Discover more packages, read more about Software Peer Review.
New versions
The following nineteen packages have had an update since the last newsletter: frictionless (v1.0.3), aRxiv (0.10), cffr (v1.0.0), chromer (v0.8), drake (7.13.9), GSODR (v4.0.0), lightr (v1.7.1), lingtypology (v1.1.17), magick (2.8.3), melt (v1.11.2), nodbi (v0.10.4), nuts (v1.0.0), paleobioDB (v1.0.0), quadkeyr (v0.1.0), rtweet (v2.0.0), ruODK (v1.4.2), spocc (v1.2.3), tarchetypes (0.8.0), and targets (1.6.0).
Software Peer Review
There are thirteen recently closed and active submissions and 6 submissions on hold. Issues are at different stages:
Find out more about Software Peer Review and how to get involved.
On the blog
Software Review
-
rOpenSci Dev Guide 0.9.0: Multilingual Now! And Better by Maëlle Salmon, Mark Padgham, and Noam Ross. Updates in version 0.9.0 of the online book ‘rOpenSci Packages: Development, Maintenance, and Peer Review’. Other languages: rOpenSci Dev Guide 0.9.0: ¡Ahora multilingüe! Y mejor (es).
-
rOpenSci Code of Conduct Annual Review by Yanina Bellini Saibene, Mark Padgham, Kara Woo, and Natalia Morandeira. Updates for version 2.5 of rOpenSci’s Code of Conduct.
-
Marketing Ideas For Your Package by Yanina Bellini Saibene and Maëlle Salmon. Now that you have created your package, presenting it to the world is a crucial step to gain visibility and attract users. In this blog post we suggest a series of activities and tools for advertizing your package. This post was discussed on the R Weekly highlights podcast hosted by Eric Nantz and Mike Thomas.
-
rOpenSci Champions Pilot Year: Projects Wrap-Up by Yanina Bellini Saibene. Our first cohort of Champions complete the program. In this blog post, we share each champions projects, their achievements and outreach activities.
-
From the Founding Director: My Farewell to rOpenSci by Karthik Ram. Karthik Ram steps down as Executive Director after 13 years. Other languages: Del Director Fundador: Mi despedida de rOpenSci (es).
-
Hello from our New Executive Director! by Noam Ross. Noam Ross takes the helm as rOpenSci’s new Executive Director. Other languages: Hola de nuestro nuevo Director Ejecutivo (es).
Tech Notes
Calls for contributions
Calls for maintainers
If you’re interested in maintaining any of the R packages below, you might enjoy reading our blog post What Does It Mean to Maintain a Package?.
Calls for contributions
Also refer to our help wanted page – before opening a PR, we recommend asking in the issue whether help is still needed.
Package development corner
Some useful tips for R package developers.
Reminder: R Consortium Infrastructure Steering Committee (ISC) Grant Program Accepting Proposals until April 1st!
The R Consortium Call for Proposal might be a relevant funding opportunity for your package!
Find out more in their post.
If you can’t prepare your proposal in time, the next call will start September 1st.
@examplesIf for conditional examples in package manuals
Do you know you can make some examples of your package manual conditional on, say, the session being interactive?
The @examplesIf roxygen2 tag is really handy.
What’s more, inside the examples of a single manual page, you can seamlessly mix and match @examples and @examplesIf pieces.
‘argument “..2” is missing, with no default’
Mike Mahoney posted an important PSA on Mastodon:
if you’re getting a new error message ‘argument “..2” is missing, with no default’ on #rstats 4.3.3, it’s likely because you have a trailing comma in a call to glue::glue()
seeing this pop up in a few Slacks so figured I’d share
https://github.com/tidyverse/glue/issues/320
Thanks, Mike!
Useful hack: a CRAN-specific .Rbuildignore
The .Rbuildignore file lists the files to not be included when building your package, such as your pkgdown configuration file.
Trevor L. Davis posted a neat idea on Mastodon: using a CRAN-specific .Rbuildignore, so that CRAN submissions omit some tests and vignettes to keep the package under the size limit.
Regarding tests themselves, remember you can skip some or all on CRAN (but make sure you’re running them on continuous integration!).
Key advantages of using the keyring package
If your package needs the user to provide secrets, like API tokens, to work, you might be interested in wrapping or recommending the keyring package (maintained by Gábor Csárdi), that accesses the system credential store from R.
See this recent R-hub blog post.
A package for linting roxygen2 documentation
The compelling roxylint package by Doug Kelkhoff allows you to check some aspects of your roxygen2 docs, such as the use of full stops and sentence case.
See the list of current rules.
Last words
Thanks for reading! If you want to get involved with rOpenSci, check out our Contributing Guide that can help direct you to the right place, whether you want to make code contributions, non-code contributions, or contribute in other ways like sharing use cases.
You can also support our work through donations.
If you haven’t subscribed to our newsletter yet, you can do so via a form. Until it’s time for our next newsletter, you can keep in touch with us via our website and Mastodon account.
Continue reading: rOpenSci News Digest, March 2024
Long-term implications and possible future developments
With numerous intriguing updates and developments mentioned in the rOpenSci news article, here are several long-term implications and possible future directions.
Leadership Changes at rOpenSci
The change in leadership from Karthik Ram to Noam Ross, both integral individuals in rOpenSci, is likely to generate some shift in the approach and direction of the organization. As Noam takes over the helm, there might be changes to the strategic roadmap for rOpenSci, and the organization’s priorities may evolve, leading to the implementation of new initiatives and the modification of existing practices.
Enhanced Guide In Multiple Language
The fact that rOpenSci’s guide is now bilingual (English and Spanish) has the potential to dramatically expand the organization’s reach to non-English speaking audience. The ongoing translation to Portuguese suggests a broader aim of making rOpenSci accessible to as many global users as possible. This implies that more language versions may also be developed in the future.
Coworking and Community Building
rOpenSci’s coworking initiative helps to foster a sense of community, where users can collaborate, learn from one another, and also help in improving and maintaining various R packages. It can result in creativity and productivity enhancement, and knowledge exchange, fostering a more robust R user base.
New Packages
The inclusion of new packages like ‘nuts’, ‘quadkeyr’, and ‘weatherOz’ to rOpenSci demonstrates growth and adaptability of the open source software that it provides. This would make rOpenSci a more versatile and valuable platform for open science, particularly for researchers working on data related to Europe’s regional data, quadkey-identified data, and Australian weather data respectively.
Actionable advice based on these insights
If you are an existing member of rOpenSci, considering the leadership change, explore any new strategic directions that Noam Ross plans to implement, and find out how you can align your help with those plans. For all users, the availability of the guide in different languages means that there are fewer barriers to using rOpenSci’s resources, so take this opportunity to deepen your understanding.
Engage in the coworking sessions by rOpenSci which offer an opportunity to learn from and connect with other users across the globe. Explore the newly added packages and check if any could serve beneficial for your research or contributions. Lastly, consider if you could contribute to rOpenSci, whether by code or non-code contributions, proactive participation will only enhance your skills and increase your understanding of open science.
Read the original article
by jsendak | Mar 18, 2024 | Science
Future Trends: Adapting to the Challenges of Global Warming
Global warming is no longer a distant threat but a harsh reality that demands our immediate attention. The detrimental impacts of climate change are becoming increasingly evident, making it crucial for us to analyze the key points of this pressing issue and explore potential future trends. By understanding the challenges ahead, we can develop effective strategies to mitigate the consequences of global warming.
The Need for Urgent Action
While it is easy to feel overwhelmed by the potential damage caused by global warming, it is important to shift our focus towards taking decisive action. With every passing year, we witness extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and the loss of fragile ecosystems. These visible signs make it clear that there is no time to waste.
According to a recent report published in Nature, the effects of climate change are accelerating at an alarming rate. To avoid catastrophic consequences, we must act swiftly. The key points of the report emphasize the urgency of implementing measures that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect biodiversity, and promote sustainable practices.
Renewable Energy as the Future
One of the most significant future trends is the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources. The transition from fossil fuels to cleaner alternatives is crucial in reducing our carbon footprint. Renewables such as solar, wind, and hydropower are becoming increasingly efficient and affordable, making them viable alternatives for traditional energy sources.
Moreover, advancements in energy storage technologies are overcoming the intermittent nature of renewables. Battery systems and innovative solutions like pumped hydroelectric storage are addressing the challenge of storing excess energy generated during peak production periods.
Economically, renewable energy presents a significant opportunity for job creation and economic growth. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA), aggressive renewable energy initiatives can create over 40 million jobs globally by 2050.
Technological Innovations and Adaptation
As global warming intensifies, technology will play a crucial role in helping us adapt to the changing climate. Several key technological trends are likely to emerge in the coming years to aid in climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) will revolutionize climate modeling and prediction. With vast amounts of data, these technologies can enhance our ability to understand complex climate systems and create accurate forecasts. This knowledge can inform policymakers, aiding in the development of effective climate policies and disaster response strategies.
Additionally, advancements in nanotechnology and biotechnology hold enormous potential in developing climate-resistant crops, innovative materials for construction, and sustainable solutions for waste management.
Changing Agricultural Practices
The agricultural sector plays a critical role in global warming, accounting for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions. However, future trends suggest that sustainable and climate-smart agriculture can lead the way in reducing carbon emissions and building resilience.
By implementing regenerative farming techniques, such as no-till practices, cover cropping, and agroforestry, farmers can sequester carbon, improve soil health, and enhance water retention capacity. Precision agriculture, aided by the Internet of Things (IoT) and satellite imagery, allows for efficient resource utilization, reducing waste and emissions.
Furthermore, plant-based diets and alternative protein sources, such as insect-based and lab-grown proteins, are gaining popularity. These shifts in consumption patterns not only reduce the carbon footprint of the food industry but also provide healthier and more sustainable options for consumers.
The Role of Government and Policy
To ensure a sustainable future, governments worldwide need to prioritize the fight against global warming. Key policy measures must be implemented to incentivize the adoption of renewable energy, regulate emissions, and support technological advancements.
Carbon pricing mechanisms, such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems, can provide economic incentives for reducing emissions. Subsidies for renewable energy projects and research and development initiatives can drive innovation and accelerate the transition to clean energy sources.
International collaboration is crucial in tackling global warming. Global agreements like the Paris Agreement set the framework for collective action and must be upheld and strengthened. Multilateral efforts to address climate change, including technology transfer and capacity-building programs, are needed to ensure that no nation is left behind in the pursuit of a sustainable future.
Predictions and Recommendations
As we examine the potential future trends related to global warming, it becomes evident that urgent action and innovative solutions are imperative. Here are a few predictions and recommendations for the industry:
- Investment in Renewable Energy: Governments and private entities should increase investments in renewable energy infrastructure, promoting research and development to enhance efficiency and affordability.
- Promote Climate Education: Education plays a crucial role in driving sustainable practices. Integrating climate change education into school curricula and promoting public awareness campaigns can empower individuals to make informed decisions.
- Encourage Sustainable Agriculture: Governments should provide incentives for farmers to adopt sustainable agricultural practices. Supporting research initiatives aimed at enhancing crop resilience and reducing emissions can contribute to a climate-resilient food system.
- Collaborative Partnerships: Governments, businesses, and non-profit organizations should foster collaboration and knowledge-sharing to address the challenges of global warming collectively.
- Promote Circular Economy: Embracing circular economy principles can minimize waste, reduce resource consumption, and promote the development of sustainable products and business models.
The future of our planet depends on our ability to adapt and mitigate the effects of global warming. By embracing these predictions and recommendations, we can create a sustainable and resilient future for generations to come.
References:
